Haptophyte algae are a monophyletic group that includes all photosynthetic organisms with a haptonema, as well as some nonphotosynthetic relatives, and some that have secondarily lost the haptonema. To date, molecular phylogenetic analyses including most or all heterokont algal classes have been based on either the 18S rRNA or the rbcL gene. Which of the following is not an attribute of a population ? Learn brown algae with free interactive flashcards. Important cell wall features that distinguish Phaeophyceae and Schizocladophyceae are the presence of cellulose and plasmodesmata in the walls of brown algae but the absence of both in Schizocladia (Kawai et al., 2003). Scale bar = 5 μm. Learn more. 2. Most are algae, ranging from the giant multicellular kelp to the unicellular diatoms, which are a primary component of plankton. Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae). Nuclear‐encoded, plastid targeted genes suggest a single common origin for apicomplexan and dinoflagellate plastids. Scale bar = 10 μm. Der Grossteich bei Hirschberg in Nord‐Böhmen. Synchroma grande spec. The axoneme is surrounded by a membrane, sometimes beset by hairs or scales. Scale bar = 10 μm. Characteristics of Algae. Probing the surface of living diatoms with atomic force microscopy: the nanostructure and nanomechanical properties of the mucilage layer, Ultrastructure and taxonomy of a marine photosynthetic stramenopile, The ultrastructural changes during mitosis in, An ultrastructural study of mitosis in the non‐motile coccolith‐bearing cells of, The ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus in. Three types of vacuoles are found in motile forms: They are very small in size and show periodic contraction and expan­sion. Xanthophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Dinophyceae. Mediocremonas mediterraneus, a New Member within the Developea. Diatoms are widely used as indicator species in paleoecological studies (for review, see Stoermer and Smol, 1999). Cladistic analysis brought new ways for analyzing evolutionary relationships (e.g., Hibberd, 1979; Lipscomb, 1989; Andersen, 1991; Williams, 1991; Sorhannus, 2001), and molecular systematics added powerful new data sets (e.g., Gundersen et al., 1987; Leipe et al., 1994, 1996; Guillou et al., 1999b; Moriya et al., 2002; Goertzen and Theriot, 2003). An immature flagellum is produced de novo during cell division, and the previous immature flagellum is transformed into a mature flagellum by a process termed flagellar transformation (e.g., Wetherbee et al., 1988). Hay and Mohler, 1967 Parmales (Chrysophyceae) form the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico, including the description of a new species. Taxon-rich Multigene Phylogenetic Analyses Resolve the Phylogenetic Relationship Among Deep-branching Stramenopiles. This root is not always present. Heterokont algae have typical Golgi bodies, and in most classes (Dictyochophyceae excepted), Golgi bodies are anterior to the nucleus, with cis‐cisternae adjacent the nuclear envelope (e.g., Hibberd, 1976). Most heterokont classes (Eustigmatophyceae excepted) have a girdle lamella, but it is absent in Haptophyta (Table 1). Phylogenetic relationships between chlorophytes, chrysophytes and Öomycetes. Many heterokont swimming cells as well as some Pavlovophyceae have an eyespot that is located within the chloroplast or associated with it (e.g., Dodge, 1973; Green, 1980). EOL has data for … Red tides: biology, environmental science and toxicolog. The chlorophyll‐carotenoid proteins of oxygenic photosynthesis. Genomics of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria. Phylogenetic relationships of the ‘golden algae’ (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their chloroplasts. In heterokont algae, orientation of flagella on biflagellate cells varies greatly, from cells with two forward‐directed flagella to those with one forward‐directed flagellum and one trailing flagellum. Phaeothamniophyceae classis nova: a new lineage of chromophytes based upon photsynthetic pigments. Dictyochophyceae occur in both marine and freshwater habitats (Moestrup, 1995; Moestrup and O'Kelly, 2002), and Eustigmatophyceae occur in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats (Hibberd, 1990a). New or interesting algae from brackish water. Finally, diatoms are found in all common habitats supporting life (Round et al., 1990). Scale bar = 5 μm. Of heterokont algae, they most resemble plants with regard to cell walls. These are designated R1– R4 (Andersen, 1987). A majority of heterokonts are unicellular flagellates, and nearly all others create flagellate cells sometime in their life cycle, an example being zoospores or gametes. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Unicellular Eukaryotes. Significant CO2 fixation by small prymnesiophytes in the subtropical and tropical northeast Atlantic Ocean. It is the marked and nearly consistent nature of these two flagella that defines the term heterokont. 2 4 ) . and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. Brown Algae as a Model for Plant Organogenesis. One flagellum is smooth and frequent… If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, Transcription factors in microalgae: genome-wide prediction and comparative analysis. Distinguishing features include the presence of a girdle lamella, which is a saclike three‐thylakoid structure that encloses all other (sheet type) lamellae. The first membrane is continuous with the host's chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum, or cER.The second membrane presents a barrier between the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and the primary endosymbiont or chloroplast . Algae and Cyanobacteria in Extreme Environments, Bravo‐Sierra and Hernández‐Becerril, 2003. Emiliania The kingdom Chromista: origin and systematics. Until 1992, haptophytes were included or closely aligned with heterokont algae, but a nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) analysis indicated they are distantly related (Bhattacharya et al., 1992). The study of algae is known as Phycology. Brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) include kelps, the largest and most structurally complex of heterokont algae. It may be worth noting that Hemiselmis (Cryptophyceae) also has short and long lateral filaments on its bipartite hairs (Bouck, 1972). Aureococcus and Aureoumbra (Pelagophyceae) form coastal blooms that are harmful to marine invertebrates (Cosper et al., 1989; Buskey et al., 1997; Bricelj et al., 2001). In brown algae the flagella are (A) Isokont and apical (B) Isokont and lateral (C) Heterokont and apical (D) Heterokont and lateral. When both flagella are of equal length and appearance, they are described as isokont. 6. Novel phytoplankton blooms: causes and impacts of recurrent brown tides and other unusual blooms, A molecular phylogeny of the heterokont algae based on analyses of chloroplast‐encoded. Heterokont algae are found in almost all environments where life exists, but the occurrence varies widely among the classes. In Polypodochrysis (Pinguiophyceae), a similar situation was found, but mature and immature structures were not identified (Kawachi et al., 2002c). Morphologie, Phylogénie, Systématique. Some nonpigmented flagellates are described by Moestrup (2002) and Patterson (2002). Conversely, the flagellate sperm of the diatoms as well as armored vegetative cells of Dictyochophyceae and some Mallomonas species (Synurophyceae) have only a single, immature flagellum, i.e., they lack a mature flagellum although they possess a mature basal body (e.g., Manton and von Stosch, 1966; Beech and Wetherbee, 1990a, b; Moestrup and Thomsen, 1990). A Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial Genomes in Eustigmatophyte Algae. There has been no report of a rhizoplast‐type striated root in Bolidophyceae, diatoms, Dictyochophyceae, Pelagophyceae, Phaeophyceae, or Schizocladophyceae. 2, Ultrastructure and 18S rRNA gene sequence for. The silicification process is not known for Parmales, but presumably it involves silica deposition vesicles. This tree is poorly resolved when compared to trees from a rbcL gene only analysis (not shown), but the nonphotosynthetic taxa cannot be included in the rbcL analysis. Emiliania (Prymnesiophyceae). Vischeria/Eustigmatos Chloroplasts function primarily for photosynthesis, and heterokont and haptophyte algae have a wide variety of light‐harvesting pigments, many of which are photosynthetically active. Microbiota Influences Morphology and Reproduction of the Brown Alga Ectocarpus sp.. Flagellar waveforms of gametes in the brown alga The patterns were associated with finding suitable attachment sites for settlement or with positive or negative reactions to certain environmental stimuli. A relationship with symbiotic bacteria occurs in the lumen of the chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum of the diatom Pinnularia (Schmid, 2003a, b). 23. 300 BC), and Japanese (ca. Pinguiococcus (Pinguiophyceae). 2+ The brown algae are primarily marine, multicellular organisms that are known colloquially as seaweeds. The name heterokont refers to the distinguishing appearance of the cells that normally have two uneven flagella. ♦ Sexual reproduction varies from isogamy, anisogamy to oogamy. Red tide problems in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Reassessing the ichthyotoxin profile of cultured Prymnesium parvum (golden algae) and comparing it to samples collected from recent freshwater bloom and fish kill events in North America. The major plate is located inside the nine pairs of microtubules so that it is distal to the third microtubule of the basal body triplets and proximal to the central two microtubules of the flagellar axoneme. Mineralized scale patterns on the cell periphery of the chrysophyte Mallomonas determined by comparative 3D Cryo-FIB SEM data processing. Match the following columns and select the correct option. Haptophyte algae. They found two different types of mucilage nanostructure on two benthic species, and on a third species they demonstrated the complete absence of a mucilage layer. In broad terms, the flagellar root apparatus consists of microtubular roots, striated roots, and a complex transitional region. Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferred from nucleotide sequences of the 18S rRNA gene. Recherches sur les Chrysophycées. Found in warm water throughout the tropics. Bacteria captured by flagella are pressed into a feeding basket near the flagellar bases at the anterior end of the cell (Andersen and Wetherbee, 1992; Wetherbee and Andersen, 1992). Brown algae are a photosynthetic lineage of heterokonts. Microspectrofluorometry of the autofluorescent flagellum in phototactic brown algal zooids. Finally, Sphaeropsis pascheri Schiller (Chrysophyceae) was described as having cyanelles (Schiller, 1954); however, this light microscopic work has not been verified using electron microscopy or molecular techniques. Stramenochromes is equal to heterokont algae, whereas stramenopiles includes heterokont algae, öomycetes, labyrithulids, thraustochytrids and certain biflagellate protozoa. Phaeoplaca (Chrysophyceae). However, in Synurophyceae, it attaches to both basal bodies (Andersen, 1985, 1989; Beech and Wetherbee, 1990b). Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment. Rhizochromulina (Dictyochophyceae). In this paper, I review what is currently known of phylogenetic relationships of heterokont and haptophyte algae. Siliceous structures and silicification in flagellated protists. nov. (Chrysophyceae) and its Epibiontic Protists, Filos agilis gen. et sp. The Bioactivity and Chemotaxonomy of Microalgal Carotenoids. Microtubule stabilizer reveals requirement of Ca Microtubules of the flagellar apparatus are active during prey capture in the chrysophycean alga, Studies on the metabolism of Protozoa. Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications. The floristic period (1914–1950) was dominated by the description of many species. Colorless diatoms, especially Nitzschia, are known (Lewin and Lewin, 1967), but whether or not they have leucoplasts is unclear. 1000 bootstrap replicates were conducted and the percentage support is shown for all nodes with >50% support. In a wide variety of heterokont and haptophyte algae, one flagellum possesses an autofluorescent substance (flavin and pterin‐like in brown algae) that plays a role in phototaxis (Müller et al., 1987; Kawai and Inouye, 1989; Kawai et al., 1996). The transitional region of the flagellum, that area where the basal body connects to the flagellum, is also variable among heterokont algae (Preisig, 1989). Cladistic analyses were attempted (e.g., Hibberd, 1979; Lipscomb, 1989; Andersen, 1991; Williams, 1991), but these suffered from a lack of knowledge of homologous structures. Silicification in diatoms occurs in silica deposition vesicles that are shaped into the form of the final valve or girdle band (Simpson and Volcani, 1981; Schmid, 2003a, b). Of the estimated 1,836 species in approximately 285 genera, fewer than 1% are found in freshwater habitats. In the mid 1800s, a series of articles were concerned with the biological origin of coccoliths and coccospheres (Huxley, 1858; Wallich, 1860, 1861; Sorby, 1861; Carter, 1871; Wyville‐Thomson, 1874), and the matter was resolved in 1898 when Murray and Blackman described and illustrated a dividing cell inside the coccosphere (see Green and Jordan, 1994; Siesser, 1994). From these two studies, as well as many other studies that separately examined SSU rRNA and rbcL sequences, a few consensus relationships can be identified. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: The state of algal genome quality and diversity. Sánchez, 1999 is not a homonym of nov.. Growth, reproduction, and senescence of the epiphytic marine alga Phaeosaccion collinsii Farlow (Ochrophyta, Phaeothamniales) at its type locality in Nahant, Massachusetts, USA. Scale bar = 10 μm. Supported by NSF grants DEB‐0206590 and DEB‐0212138. There are many species of diatoms, with estimates of up to a million or more species yet to be described (Round et al., 1990). Teil. Microtubular roots are found in swimming cells of all classes, except diatoms, Dictyochophyceae, and Pelagomonas (Pelagophyceae; Andersen, 1991; Andersen et al., 1993; Moestrup, 1995; Sekiguchi et al., 2003). In most organisms (Eustigmatophyceae excepted, see Santos and Leedale, 1991), R1 nucleates numerous cytoskeletal microtubules that extend out and putatively form structural support for the cell (see Andersen, 1991). & 2. Seasonal and Geographical Transitions in Eukaryotic Phytoplankton Community Structure in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Furthermore, cisternae are unusually inflated. Three two‐class clades, Chrysophyceae/Synurophyceae, Dictyochophyceae/Pelagophyceae, Bolidophyceae/diatoms, are always recovered. New records of microalgae from the New Zealand alpine zone, and their distribution and dispersal. Some heterokont algae lack a chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum–nuclear envelope continuity, and these include those diatoms with multiple chloroplasts, raphidophytes and synurophytes. Thus, some workers lump all classes into a single division, Heterokontophyta (e.g., Hoek, 1978; Hoek et al., 1995), whereas others raise classes to division level (e.g., Corliss, 1984). Although silica frustules of diatoms have long been studied for taxonomic purposes (e.g., Hustedt, 1928), new technology has allowed scientists to investigate the nonsiliceous components of the cell wall. Haptophytes also have a variety of cell coverings. Chrysamoeba (Chrysophyceae). Algae are unicellular, colonial or large multi-cellular organisms. Synurophyceae are probably restricted to freshwater, although a couple of dubious marine occurrences have been reported (Andersen and Preisig, 2002a). Also called Heterokont and haptophyte algae are important primary producers in aquatic habitats, and they are probably the primary carbon source for petroleum products (crude oil, natural gas). Many heterokont are algae with chloroplasts surrounded by four membranes, ... within which the thylakoid membranes are found. The uncertain phylogenetic relationships for other related protistan groups (e.g., alveolates, cryptophytes, cercozoans) confound the problem. Adjacent cells are often interconnected via plasmodesmata (Bisalputra, 1966; Pueschel and Stein, 1983), a feature not found in other heterokont algae. Green algae, brown algae, red algae, golden-yellow algae are main types of algae. The haptonema captures food particles, wraps around the cell, and then particles are engulfed at the posterior end of the cell. Choose from 123 different sets of brown algae flashcards on Quizlet. The first description of the haptonema was by Scherffel (1901) when he described Phaeocystis, but he considered the haptonema to be a third flagellum. The chloroplast structures of all heterokont algae and haptophytes share some features (Dodge, 1973). These include green alga, brown alga, oomycetes, and some protists. Each flagellum consists of an axoneme, or cylinder, with nine outer pairs of microtubules surrounding two central microtubules. heterokont flagella are found in which algae II. Many motile cells of heterokont algae including the Phaeophyceae and Chrysophyceae are also phototactic. The swimming of male gametes of brown algae is controlled by two heterokont flagella, regardless of reproductive system, but the patterns of flagellar movement can vary. The R3 root extends from the mature basal body and, when viewed from the cell anterior, curves in a counterclockwise arc (see Andersen, 1991). It attaches to the basal body of the immature flagellum, and when viewed from the cell anterior, forms a clockwise arc around the anterior of the cell. Bolidophytes are naked flagellates (Guillou et al., 1999a); diatoms have siliceous frustules (Round et al., 1990); chrysomerophytes have cell walls (Billard, 1984); chrysophytes have cell walls, organic loricas, organic or silica scale cases, gelatinous coverings, and completely naked cells (Starmach, 1985; Kristiansen and Preisig, 2001; Preisig and Andersen, 2002); dictyochophytes have silica skeletons, organic scales, or naked cells (Moestrup, 1995; Moestrup and O'Kelly, 2002); eustigmatophytes have cell walls (Hibberd, 1990a); pelagophytes have cell walls, thecae, gelatinous coverings, and naked cells (Andersen and Preisig, 2002b); phaeophytes have cellulosic cell walls impregnated with alginates and often interconnected via plasmodesmata (Bisalputra, 1966; Pueschel and Stein, 1983); phaeothamniophytes have cell walls (Bailey et al., 1998); pinguiophytes have mineralized loricas, gelatinous coverings, or naked cells (Kawachi et al., 2002a, b, c); raphidophytes are naked cells (Heywood, 1990; Heywood and Leedale, 2002); Schizocladia has cell walls without cellulose but impregnated with alginates (Kawai et al., 2003); synurophytes have bilaterally symmetrical silica scales glued together to form a highly organized scale case (Ludwig et al., 1996); xanthophytes have predominately cell walls, some with H‐shaped overlapping sections, as well as plasmodial and naked forms (Hibberd, 1990b). Historical background of coccolithophore studies. Protistan Skeletons: A Geologic History of Evolution and Constraint. II. One is oriented forward, equipped with mastigonemes and propels the cell with meandering beats. In this event, an ancestral oomycete engulfed a red alga. Zoids are primarily found in some protists, diatoms, green alga, brown alga, non-vascular plants, and a few vascular plants. The closest relatives of the haptophytes are currently unknown, but recent evidence indicates they may be part of a large assemblage (chromalveolates) that includes heterokont algae and other stramenopiles, alveolates, and cryptophytes. They include oomycetes, chrysophytes, diatoms, and brown algae. The flagellar root apparatus, the microtubular system and associated organelles in the chrysophycean flagellate, Vestigial chloroplasts in heterotrophic stramenopiles. In the typical case (most heterokont algae, Pavlovophyceae), the eyespot lies just inside the chloroplast in the area immediately adjacent to the mature flagellum. Nonpigmented heterokonts are close relatives of heterokont algae, but no details are provided here. Scale bar = 10 μm. Nitrile Hydratase Genes Are Present in Multiple Eukaryotic Supergroups. Spindle microtubules attach to either basal bodies (diatoms) or the striated flagellar roots (Chrysophyceae). The control of flagellar length in heterokonts is unknown, but it may be similar to that for green algae (see Beech, 2003, for review). They include both single-celled types and brown algae ( … The group is fairly diverse in form, and its taxonomy is contentious. Heterokont and haptophyte algae share the following features: mitochondria with tubular cristae; an extraplastidal carbohydrate storage product consisting of short β‐1,3‐linked glucan chains; a plastid with three adpressed thylakoids internally and two endoplasmic reticulum membranes externally; photosynthesis predominating; most organisms with chlorophylls a and c. These features are also shared by a number of other protist groups and therefore cannot be considered synapomorphic characters. Arginine deiminase pathway enzymes: evolutionary history in metamonads and other eukaryotes. Later, some authors (e.g., Copeland, 1956) would include other groups in Heterokonta, expanding its sense. Sexual Reproduction in Animals and Plants. Benthic stages of some have cell walls, coccolithophorids have calcified scales (usually mineralized onto organic scales) that are termed coccoliths, some have only organic scales, a silica‐scaled prymnesiophyte was recently reported, some are surrounded by gelatinous material, and others are naked (see Green and Leadbeater, 1994; Winter and Siesser, 1994). The flagellar base ultrastructure and phylogeny of chromophytes. Deep‐sea soundings in the North Atlantic Ocean between Ireland and Newfoundland, Qualitative and quantitative studies of the swimming behaviour of. Eukaryotic systematics: a user's guide for cell biologists and parasitologists. Mismatched direction occurs, for example, in zoospores of brown algae (basal bodies at 90°, flagella at 180°) and flagellate … The zoospores have heterokont flagella-one smooth and one tinsel flagella. Ribosomal RNA evidence for chloroplast loss within Heterokonta: pedinellid relationships and a revised classification of ochristan algae. Systematics Association Special. A major transitional plate is found in all heterokont flagella, and in a few instances, a second transitional plate occurs. Silica scales and siliceous cysts of synurophytes and chrysophytes as well as the siliceous skeleton of Dictyocha (Dictyochophyceae) are also formed in silica deposition vesicles (Schnepf and Deichgräber, 1969; Mignot and Brugerolle, 1982; Beech et al., 1990; Moestrup and Thomsen, 1990; Preisig, 1994). Lagynion (Chrysophyceae). Additional taxa were described in the years following Pascher's classification (e.g., Prymnesium, Chrysochromulina; Carter, 1937; Lacky, 1939), and with the advent of electron microscopy, many additional species were described (e.g., Parke et al., 1955; Manton and Leedale, 1969; Manton and Leadbeater, 1974). Used atomic force microscopy to study the topology and properties of the marine diatom the occurrence varies widely the! 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On anaerobic digestion: a Geologic history of Evolution and Constraint attribute of a Multispecies and Alga-Associated Revealed!