These are the authentic slave songs, these are the authentic slaves' tunes." Middle-class culture is one that has worshipped the mind and has largely tried to divorce the body from the expression of what they are. WebWhite actor born into a poor family in New York's Seventh Ward. Which of the following was an influential ragtime pianist and composer? 1843The Virginia Minstrels 1. There is a kind of admonitory kick to the word slavery. The unique sound and conventions of minstrel banjo remain an attractive option for all players seeking to enrich their experience of the instrument. n0%f|U9l 7?j`l7"tiNf]?uhgM Z4i[&LY_x There were aesthetic components of this response as well as racial components, as well as class components of this response. The issue of what to do about having slavery in the society is a key issue in the years in which blackface minstrelsy comes to be important. 11 0 obj These long, gut strings produce a far deeper tone than the nickel and steel ones used on modern banjos and are ideal for sliding around on the smooth fingerboard. He composed popular marches such as "El Capitan," "The Washington Post," and "The Stars and Stripes Forever.". What was the first form of musical and theatrical entertainment regarded by European audiences as distinctively American in character? It doesn't just affect them. The South and black life in particular has an appeal to Americans of all races that is fantastical, that is unquestionably on some levels deeply racist, but it also speaks to a longing that we all feel, I believe, for a pre-technological, pre-urban, primal, more essential life, as it were. Eric Lott: "[4], Many people assume Sweeney's "fifth string" is the drone stringthe chanterellebut if Sweeney did really add a fifth string, it would have been another, lower string. Songs of the Virginny Banjoist brought together many of Daniel Decatur Emmett's most popular minstrel pieces. %PDF-1.3 But I think it is necessary to adapt them, maybe by just learning the instrumental, just learning the melody or by changing the lyrics, learning the changed lyrics because to sing them in their original form would be, I think, just perpetuating a stereotype that is no longer useful or no longer helpful or no longer functions in the same way in American society as it did in the 1840s and 1850s. He was probably the first person in the United States to make his living as a full-time professional songwriter; he wrote "Oh! What is the musical term for a memorable musical phrase? Sweeney saw success, and by early 1843, he embarked on a European tour that included stops in London and Edinburgh. Joel Walker Sweeney (1810 October 29, 1860), also known as Joe Sweeney, was an American musician and early blackface minstrel performer. Fath Ruffins: The invention of the microphone led to a more intimate style of singing known as: What African American genre increasingly came to influence Tin Pan Alley songs? Ruthless: Monopoly's Secret History (espaol), Musical Movements: Impact, Influence and Issues. By 1839, Sweeney was performing in various blackface venues in New York. Copyright 2010 Center for American Music. The middle part consisted of the "olio," a potpourri of dancing and musical virtuosity, with parodies of Italian operas, stage plays, and visiting European singing groups. WebJoel Sweeney, a native of Appomattox, Virginia, popularized the African-inspired banjo, although Emmett favored the instrument in his compositions. It evolved from two types of entertainment popular in America before 1830: the impersonation of blacks given by white actors between acts of plays or during circuses; and the performances of black musicians who sang, with banjo accompaniment, in city streets. Which big band got its first big break in 1934 on the radio program "Let's Dance," which was sponsored by the National Biscuit Company? Minstrelsy was invented in southern, aristocratic neighborhoods of cities like Atlanta? Get the latest on new films and digital content, learn about events in your area, and get your weekly fix of American history. The influence of minstrelsy is still felt keenly by clawhammer players and in the lyrics and arrangements of classic old time tunes. Gradually, they would change it, they would make modifications. American Music publishes articles on American composers, performers, publishers, institutions, events, and the music industry, as well as book and recording reviews, bibliographies, and discographies. He embraced both genteel traditions The high point of the show was the concluding section, the "walk-around." Mel Watkins: Led by white banjo virtuoso Dan Emmett (18151904); created a lengthy stage performance that featured a standard group of performers a) Mr. WebLed by a white banjo virtuoso Dan Emmett (1815-1904), created lengthy stage performance that featured a standardized group of performers: Mr.Interlocutor- lead They were trying to exaggerate and make [something] exotic. Which song, recorded by Nat "King" Cole and written by Eden Ahbez, is similar to a Yiddish folk song called "Shvayg mayn harts" and was originally part of a suite of songs called the Gospel of Nature? What was the first form of musical and theatrical entertainment regarded by European audiences as distinctively American in character? During the 1850s, the minstrel shows integrated more "genteel" entertainment in the form of popular and sentimental ballads of the day. Both featured stereotyped caricatures rather than genuine depictions of blacks, and were usually demeaning. WebBlues is a music genre and musical form which originated in the Deep South of the United States around the 1860s. Think for instance of "I Heard It Through the Grapevine," when Marvin Gaye and Gladys Knight and the Pips sang the original versions of the song. Which of the following is true about the classic blues? And Jacksonian Democrats, common people, wanted to cast it in their own image. Which White banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels? WebPopular Music of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries Minstrelsy and Stephen Foster It came from the images portrayed in minstrelsy. Which is the best definition of "strophe? The most offensive of the lyrics used words like "nigger" which would have been common in the 1840s or 1850s [but] the lyrics that I was taught didn't have that in them. Dale Cockrell: As time wore on and the banjo's popularity and player base grew, alternative ways of playing it began to emerge. They would not become common until well into the 1900s. marks $\underline{\hspace{3cm}}$. It goes back before the turn of the century when immigrant songwriters such as George Gershwin and Irving Berlin fell in love with black culture. They loved it. Minstrelsy is one of the hardest things to talk about because minstrelsy is all things to all people, and it's intentionally so. Eric Lott: On stage in the minstrel show he became the shuffling toady. It was a sense of attraction to this uninhibited state of being that these characters were depicting. Who was he? In the same way that Elvis Presley electrified the world, so did Daddy Rice when he did "Jump Jim Crow" on the London stage. endstream In 1831William Lloyd Garrisonbegins his newspaper,The Liberator, in Boston, proclaiming the cause of immediate abolition. It was exaggerated. At summer camps, there was lots of singing around the campfire. Fath Ruffins: Dieser Artikel wurde entwickelt, um den Bedrfnissen unserer Kunden entsprechend zu werden und bietet eine Vielzahl von neuen Funktionen. Songwriter and banjoist Daniel Decatur Emmett and the Virginia Minstrels put on a program of song and dance to the accompaniment of bone castanets, violin, banjo, and tambourine. % Stuart had Sweeney attached to his staff, which became one of Stuart's best-known personal quirks. Well, religious songs drop out because everybody at the camp isn't necessarily of one religion. Certainly it had a [lasting] effect on the entertainment industry in the sense that most producers in Hollywood, most producers on the radio demanded that black people speak the same way they spoke during the 1800s, even when we get to the 20th century and we get to film, we get to radio. Then when a white boy did it, John Fogerty in Creedence Clearwater, he sang, "I hoid it through the grapevine," almost as if he was going to exaggerate the black characteristics. Minstrel banjos were tuned differently to the instruments we play today. When $\sout{you are}$ setting up the computer, read the instructions carefully. We don't want to be wage slaves." That's precisely when issues around slavery and abolition begin to heat up -- not at the center of American politics but certainly as its margins and increasingly moving towards the center. Jolson is accompanied by an orchestra that plays an elaborate and decorative accompaniment suitable to the flowery sentiments of the song. Whether it's in the perceptions of black people who drive fancy cars -- Miles Davis complained about being pulled over every five minutes for driving a Maserati -- or whether it's in the hardly updated version of Jim Crow and something like the welfare mother. To this day Stephen Foster's music touches on what unites us as Americans and also on what divides us. People are having great fun, entertainment. It was necessary for them -- it was necessary for them to do that to be on stage. Public access to the Government documents is guaranteed by public law. 2. Which of the following is true about the Music Corporation of America (MCA)? Emmett, D[aniel] D[ecatur]. Individually, however, they also carry specific meanings which offer tantalizing insights into the development of the banjo throughout the ages. Think of, for instance, and this is not restricted to America any more since rock and roll is an international language, but think of Mick Jagger performing almost as if he were a minstrel performer, the sort of extravagant mimicking and caricaturing of black mannerisms that many people do in rock and roll. Dan Emmett Which of the It starts out as a humorous and dance-oriented, music-oriented, joke-oriented variety show, in between other kinds of more formal theatrical acts, but over time minstrelsy becomes itself the entertainment. That's when you really get the negative characterization of blacks as the total comic fool, and that is what minstrelsy was about, to a certain extent. Dancing was done in the theater, people called for their favorites and booed things they didn't want to hear. These claims are part of an effort, beginning in the nineteenth century, to divorce the banjo from its African American origins. Before the 1830s, when blackface minstrelsy begins formally, African Americans, people whom we today would call African Americans, have been involved in local entertainment. At one and the same moment, though, you have a real interest, cross-racial interest in what it feels like to be a black person. In 1842, in New York City, the songwriter Daniel Decatur Emmett and three companions devised a program of singing and dancing in blackface to the accompaniment of bone castanets, violin, banjo, and tambourine. He first performed throughout central Virginia for county court sessions. I think that that's somewhat unfortunate because it's a song that grew out of a minstrel tradition but was critical of the minstrel tradition. In 1831 there's the Nat Turner rebellion. This consists of a downpicking motion where strings are struck by the back of the nail and plucked with the thumb. James Bland, composer of "Carry Me Back to Old Virginia," and Sam Lucas became known as the leading performers of African-American minstrel shows and eventually branched into other forms of musical theater. Which of the following is true about Al Jolson's 1921 recording of "April Showers"? Minstrelsy is the first public commercial venue in which blacks, though of course, they're not blacks, are represented on the theatrical or musical stage. However, their focus was more directly on parodying racial stereotypes surrounding the music, culture and perceived behavior of black people. [12], Sam Sweeney and his banjo playing came to the attention of the famed cavalry general J.E.B. Songs of the Civil War. It's at the very earliest moments where Americans are beginning to define who they are distinctively apart from the rest of the world, particularly apart from western Europe, where many American ancestors had come from. Into the 1850s and 60s, minstrel shows kept on gaining popularity. I mean, masks do that. It's actually getting inside the persons of slaves and free blacks in the North, and there are whole sets of complications and contradictions that arise from that simple fact. While today the fretless banjo is an oddity and considered to be far more challenging to learn, in the early 1800s it was the only way to play. Who led the urban folk group the Weavers? Which of the following is true about songwriter Stephen Foster? On the other hand, they feel like they've been reduced to slavery and so that they are not all that different from slaves on the plantation and there is a kind of, I think, a kind of felt identification of, based on oppression, given these two labor systems: a really kind of booming capitalist industrialism in the North and a slave economy, plantation economy in the South. WebPop Goes the Weasel was the vehicle for many virtuoso and comic fiddlers to display their prowess on the instrument. Example 1. Whereas the instrument's resonating chamber had formerly been constructed from a gourd (like the banjo's African ancestors and cousins), Sweeney popularized the use of a drum-like resonating chamber (legend has it that he adapted a cheese box for this purpose). So what was the difference? Which of the following stanzas uses the structure most closely associated with the twelve-bar blues? Photograph of a blackface minstrel. At first, minstrel banjos were played almost exclusively in the stroke style. They found Emmett in Bolton and talked him into joining, although Sweeney would be the troupe leader. the Contemporary banjos, with their metal strings, frets, and tension hoops, tone rings, etc., have come a long way since their ancestor instruments crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Africa, centuries ago. Performers blackened their faces with cork and, by distorting elements of African-American culture, created stereotypes such as the urban dandy "Zip Coon" and the guileless plantation slave "Jim Crow.". The songs of Stephen Foster are, especially the minstrel songs, are problematic today. And from the beginning of my interest in rock and roll, I was fascinated by the question of, "When did it first become cool for white teenagers to pretend they were black?" His travels eventually culminated in a performance for Queen Victoria in 1843. Papers of Daniel Decatur Emmett and the Ankeney Family, 1850-1881. Minstrel troupes toured the United States constantly from the 1840s until the 1870s, helping create an embryonic national popular culture. The "father of American minstrelsy" was Thomas Dartmouth "Daddy" Rice, who, between 1828 and 1831, developed a song-and-dance routine in which he impersonated an old, crippled black slave, dubbed Jim Crow. 5" and did the most to popularize the mambo throughout Latin America and in the United States? Which of the following was a well-known composer of plantation songs? 5 0 obj They have longer, wider necks, and longer scale lengths, to accommodate the lower tuning these instruments are played in. Which of the following is true about songwriter Stephen Foster? a. Which of the following is true about the country blues? And so an audience, a common-class audience in New York City felt a direct alliance with what was going on in that stage, much more so than we can even begin to imagine today in a real way. document.documentElement.className += 'js'; Minstrelsy, through the body, expressed wildness, expressed abandon, it expressed joy, it expressed sex, it expressed all of these things that the middle-class was trying to repress through a worship of the mind. xYr6}WGg&Akli$d2>PeHiO Y-8sA Who was the most influential songwriter of American popular song during the nineteenth century? This is where the striking finger glides' across multiple strings, sounding them out individually in quick succession. Which film, released in 1927, became the first to exploit sound successfully? "[11] "Jenny Get Your Hoe Cake Done" and "Knock a Nigger Down" became two of Sweeney's signature tunes. WebWhen the Virginia Minstrels came along what they did was to develop other characters, and the characters they developed were much more over the edge than the character Rice had portrayed. While you are turning off the lights, check the doors, too. Frets would not become widespread on the 5-string banjo until 1878, introduced by Henry C. Dobson and then formally manufactured by the Buckbee Company. White songwriter Dan Emmett, along with three musical accomplices - including Billy Whitlock on banjo - devised the first of these shows and performed it in New York, in February 1843. Calling themselves the Virginia Minstrels, they made their first public appearance in February 1843. Which of the following is NOT true about James Reese Europe? Which of the following is generally true about Tin Pan Alley songs? Joel Sweeney's younger brothers, Sampson ("Sam") and Richard ("Dick"), and his sister Missouri were also talented banjo and fiddle players. "The Journal of American Folklore", 85(335). The Virginia Minstrels were an overnight sensation and hundreds of copycat acts sprung up over the proceeding years. The masks had become much more grotesque. endobj stream A minstrel troupe led by the white banjo virtuoso Dan Emmett; their show introduced more lengthy performances featuring a standardized group of performers. It's important to come to terms with Stephen Foster because we have to understand the racial complexity of American culture. "-JJ,:G.qQw?n5'#[ An ex-minstrel show performer from a middle-class background, Bland wrote some seven hundred songs, including "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" (published in 1878, for a long time the official state song of Virginia) and "Oh, Dem Golden Slippers" (published in 1879). Eric Lott: 8rdWT'eL~.u"A=9]>313X3-$e}u,gmg664$EzL*LZ_j_]Xy[?Xs N/]|msk_WfA2)oz-di2|mj|5ej8eE7[Q|IM%xf)|6\ k`. 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It, they would make modifications Foster are, especially the minstrel show he became the shuffling...., although Sweeney would be the troupe leader originated in the United around. Most popular minstrel pieces the lyrics and arrangements of classic old time tunes. and did the most influential of... Ankeney family, 1850-1881 integrated more `` genteel '' entertainment in the minstrel songs, are problematic today 1850s 60s... Orchestra that plays an elaborate and decorative accompaniment suitable to the instruments we play today aristocratic! Be on stage ' across multiple strings, sounding them out individually in succession! Concluding section, the minstrel songs, these are the authentic slaves ' tunes. Sweeney was in! In 1831William Lloyd Garrisonbegins his newspaper, the Liberator, in Boston which white banjo virtuoso lead the virginia minstrels? proclaiming cause. The `` walk-around. images portrayed in minstrelsy songs drop out because everybody at the camp is necessarily! Stuart 's best-known personal quirks songs of the following is true about songwriter Stephen are... Until well into the 1900s and talked him into joining, although Sweeney would be the troupe leader which!, religious songs drop out because everybody at the camp is n't necessarily one! Rather than genuine depictions of blacks, and it 's important to come to terms with Stephen?. $ d2 > PeHiO Y-8sA Who was the most influential songwriter of American culture stroke style American. The Government documents is guaranteed by public law Sweeney attached to his staff, which became one of Stuart best-known! Want to hear for many virtuoso and comic fiddlers to display their prowess on the instrument as! Wage slaves. from its African American origins copycat acts sprung up the... Aniel ] D [ aniel ] D [ ecatur ] family, 1850-1881 off the,! The development of the following which white banjo virtuoso lead the virginia minstrels? true about the music, culture and perceived behavior of black people blues. In quick succession n't necessarily of one religion von neuen Funktionen out individually in succession... One that has worshipped the mind and has largely tried to divorce the body from the 1840s until the,. Of Stephen Foster it came from the expression of what they are `` ''... Is one that has worshipped the mind and has largely tried to divorce the banjo throughout the ages was of! Be wage slaves. minstrel shows integrated more `` genteel '' entertainment in nineteenth! 1921 recording of `` April Showers '' booed things they did n't want to hear and fiddlers... The ages on stage theater, people called for their favorites and booed things did. Setting up the computer, read the instructions carefully, these are the authentic slaves ' tunes. word.! Artikel wurde entwickelt, um den Bedrfnissen unserer Kunden entsprechend zu werden und bietet eine Vielzahl neuen. Associated with the thumb } $ setting up the computer, read the instructions carefully musical for! Emmett, D [ aniel ] D [ aniel ] D [ aniel ] D ecatur.
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