If all these social institutions are organized and co-operate with one another around a set of core values functionalist theorists assume that the entire . Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. Emilie Durkheim saw society as an organism. By punishing someone for their crimes in this way, enforcers of the law are sending a warning message to the rest of society that such deviant behaviour wont be tolerated. Another one of the key functionalist theories of crime was pioneered by Travis Hirschi (1969); we know it as social bonds theory. Rebellion: adopting alternative goals and aiming to bring revolutionary change to society. What are some examples of financial crimes committed by the capitalist class? money. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. The strengths of functionalism include its emphasis on stability and order, its holistic approach, and its ability to explain social change. Laws they are enforced more strictly among the poor. 12 exam practice questions including short answer, 10 mark and essay question exemplars. Marxism is a conflict structuralist theory in sociology, pioneered by Karl Marx and Friederich Engels (1848). Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. It strengths are seen in the way in which it explains the basic needs and function of society, these explanations can be used by other sociologists to improve and maintain an adequate society. Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin (1961) argued that Merton and Cohen both had significant shortcomings in their theories. Many criticise functionalism by arguing that simply pointing out the potential functions of crime doesnt necessarily explain why it happens in the first place. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. The point of punishment was to control crime and to maintain the collective sentiments. Wealthier people are just as deviant. Functionalist Theories of Crime 1. Several other researchers have gained ground by taking Durkheims theorisation of crime and deviance and extending it to understand particular societies or different types of criminal activity. 1. These interactions can occur in numerous contexts and settings. Deviant subcultures are formed by people who dont agree with the norms and values of the broader community. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. Well close with an evaluation of the Marxist theory of crime and deviance, diving into particular strengths and criticisms of this perspective. What are the five adaptive responses to strain to anomie, according to strain theory? Symbiotic Interactionism is one of the sociological theories which focus on the relationships and individual perspectives of people. What is an example of how crime is used for social regulation? Parsons identifies three similarities; System, System Needs and Functions. Specifically, they believe that the maximisation of profits and private ownership as ultimate forms of success, in conjunction with the individualism that this encourages, is what leads people to commit crimes. The labelling theory of crime is an interactionist perspective: it states that crime is not due to individuals' behaviour, but rather individuals being labelled by authorities. Does crime have a function in society? The functionalist view on crime explains the existence of crime as being the result of the structure of society (rather than as a result of individuals themselves). Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. More specifically, societys laws tend to enhance the occurrence of trade, industry growth, and private ownership. It emphasizes the importance of social institutions and how they serve specific functions in society. Marxists believe that the cause of crime is a combination of factors related to the capitalist system. 5. However, would it be too far to suggest that society itself causes crime? They advocated for a 'fully social theory of deviance'. Marxism is a conflict structuralist theory in sociology, pioneered by, is at the core of all societies. It is also seen consensus theory, as functionalists' argue that, individuals are socialised into a shared value to ensure conformity and social order. Several theorists have put forward explanations for why this is the case. In order to understand various sociological theories about crime, it helps to start by learning the four main theories about social deviance. Emerge among those who have failed to succeed through legitimate means, criminal subcultures and conflict subcultures. Let's now take a look at the advantages of each functionalist theory of crime. Interactionism and crime: strengths and weaknesses. Conflict theory also has three major weaknesses. What are the strengths of functionalism? ), Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology (pp. Which of the following is NOT a function of crime, according to functionalists? In line with the selective law enforcement which Marxists speak of, Bonger stated that the poors egoism is labelled as criminal often simply as a result of their lower position in the class hierarchy. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Not only this, it was beneficial to society as well, because of the social integration, regulation, and change it led to. As a result, they believe that working-class crime is a response to the class struggles experienced by the proletariat. The symbolic interationist theory of deviance refers to the way in which individuals are free to make their own desicions that are guided by the meanings they build from their social interactions. Continue with Recommended Cookies, ReviseSociologySociology Revision Resources for SaleExams, Essays and Short Answer QuestionsIntroFamilies and HouseholdsEducationResearch MethodsSociological TheoriesBeliefs in SocietyMediaGlobalisation and Global DevelopmentCrime and DevianceKey ConceptsAboutPrivacy PolicyHome. Get your custom essay on. According to mile Durkheim (1964), a limited amount of crime is inevitable. Some examples of financial crimes committed by the capitalist class are: StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. Written specifically for the AQA sociology A-level specification. Gelsthorpe, L. (2006). 1) One strength is its ideological appeal (Greenberg, n.d.). Locating the societal response within the wider context with questions about who defines, and what is defined as criminal. This can lead to necessary legal reform which ends up benefiting the community and its members. Functionalist criminology would likely analyse crime through a positive lens. However, it has been criticised largely for being too deterministic and ignoring freewill of the individual. Cambridge University Press. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. Functionalist Theories of Crime: Explanation. Sign up to highlight and take notes. In a way, certain behaviors may be predicted. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Ritualism: abandoning the goal of success but still conforming to the means to achieve it. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Unlike the functionalist theories of strain and status frustration. A criticism of the Marxist theory of crime is that it overemphasises the significance of economic relationships at the expense of other factors which shape human behaviour. Aside from the laws that appear to protect the working class, Snider (1993) also said there is a significant lack of laws regulating ruling class activities. A criminogenic society is one where crime is inevitable due to its nature. What is structuralism? In this explanation, we will be focusing on Marxist theories of crime. Well begin by defining functionalism as a theory under the branch of structuralism. What is a neo-Marxist critique of the traditional Marxist view on crime? The behaviours that delinquent subcultures value are those that wider society tends to condemn. In his exploration of subcultures, Cohen investigated young, working-class males. The strength of the functionalist theory is that it a macro level structural theory which uses an organic analogy- using the body as a way to describe the different parts within society. In B. S. Turner (Eds. of the users don't pass the Marxist Theories of Crime quiz! Social regulation is one of the functions that societal structures carry out in managing public interests like the environment. Capitalism provides the context in which women can be exploited by men within the market. Create and find flashcards in record time. The weaknesses of functionalist theory is that it tends to lead to exaggerated accounts of positive consequences of sports and sports participation however it mistakenly assumes that there are no conflicts of interests between the different citizen groups in society such as women, people with disabilities, racial So, overall, I see this as a balanced argument. Functionalism approach to Crime & Deviance The advantages of what Functionalism tells us about Crime and Deviance, and how other approaches, such as Marxism and Feminism criticise their theories :) Useful for AQA exam essay revision ? According to Marxists, which are the most important relationships in society? The Marxist theory of crime: examples and key terms. In this section, youll find an explanation of the Marxist view on crime. Durkheim argued that crime only became dysfunctional when there was too much or too little of it too much and social order would break down, too little and there would not be sufficient capacity for positive social change. Marxist theory views crime as the result of conflict between the social and economic classes. Functionalism is a macro, structuralist theory. There is a much wider variety of subcultures that Cohen does not account for in his explanation for deviance. . It seeks to explain crime by looking at the nature of society, rather than at individuals. The Marxist theory of crime has the benefit of a holistic view - it accounts for a range of deviant acts committed by people from different social backgrounds, with different motivations. Learn Exercises, content from STARK, individual learning plans & much more Better grades with StudySmarter It also claims that deviance serves a beneficial function to society as a whole. Marxism is based on the notion of economic determinism - economic relationships are at the heart of all interactions within a society. The functionalist view on crime explains the existence of crime as being the result of the structure of society (rather than as a result of individuals themselves). An overall examination of the deviant processes combining the previous six steps together. Not everyone will be equally devoted to conforming to societys shared norms and values. Another key difference between functionalist and Marxist theories of crime rests on causation. Their reactions and actions towards them are according to their understanding of such. This conflict is between those in positions of power and the powerless, and is caused by the nature of the capitalist system. Explains the prevalence of group deviance. A few theorists in functionalist criminology use the concept of 'subcultures' to explain the prevalence of crime. Functionalists assume that society has universal norms and values that are reinforced by certain crimes being punished in public. Instead, he argued that the environment which the capitalist system creates makes people more egoistic, and therefore more capable of committing crimes. It offers an insight into group deviance in the form of subculture formation, but fails to acknowledge crimes committed by the privileged. 2. Subcultures. He argued that crime performed THREE positive functions for societies. Provide an example of how the law reflects the interests of the ruling class. Instead of asking why deviants commit crime, Hirschi chose to ask why they don't. Strengths and weaknesses Some strengths of IPT include: a focus on relationships, communication skills, and life situations rather than viewing mental health issues as Developing a list of the functional skills you possess and most enjoy using can help you focus on majors and jobs that would fit your talents and provide satisfaction. Understanding the criminal mind is essential for those who want to work in fields such as criminal justice or criminal psychology. Marxists might criticise Hirschis social bonds theory for victim-blaming, arguing that working-class criminals are simply victims of circumstance. Its important to note, however, that deviance beyond a certain amount risks harming society and causing dysfunction, or anomie. The major weakness of Marxism is that it does not seem to work in the real world. Evaluation of Durkheims Functionalist View of Crime, Durkheim talks about crime in very general terms. ii). While many of the individuals involved were held accountable by being forced to step down from their jobs, the laws which call for more comprehensive and transparent corporation registration practices have been much slower to come to fruition. Marxist theories are social explanations based on the ideas of Karl Marx. People feel untethered to the collective consciousness, and enter a state of normative confusion. Which of the following would be the consequence of a society without crime, according to Durkheim? Will you pass the quiz? If you are stuck with writing or missing ideas, scroll down and find inspiration in the best samples. People are led to a state of anomie by a strain between the types of successes that society values, and the lack of means by which to achieve those successes. 2. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. In this section, youll find the main theories within the functionalist view on crime or functionalist criminology. Symbolic interaction has various strengths and weaknesses as a sociological perspective. Functionalist theories believe that society is a reasonably cut predictable construction with which scientific cognition of how society maps can be gained. The main theories examined provide us with a thorough explanation of crimes largely ignored by anomie and biological theories - namely, juvenile crime. Interactionists would suggest that whether or not a crime is functional cannot be determined objectively; surely it depends on an individuals relationship to the crime. Explain a key limitation of Cloward and Ohlin's (1961) Opportunity Structure theory. Merton ellaborates Anomie (orginally Durkheims point) through Strain Theory, in which strain occurs when individuals experiece conflict between their persuit of societys goal and the means. When a crime occurs and and individuals are punished it becomes clear to the rest of society that the particular action concerned is unacceptable. 2 Strengths The strength of conflict theory is that it seeks moral ends: the emancipation of humanity from false claims of "universality." Universality is when one group takes power and seeks to justify it on the grounds that it represents "freedom for all." The reality is that it is "freedom for them." A further action performed by the criminals is to provide a constant test of the boundaries of permitted action. According to Cohen, this demographic group channelled their frustration into the creation of a subcultural solution. The first one was the most 'traditional'. The law is designed and enforced to protect the ruling class's interests. - Doesn't look at the motives of why people commit. As you're aware, the theory has some clear strengths and weaknesses: ' The idea that sociologists can both demonstrate and explain how and why different individuals with different positions in the social structure are Its 100% free. One of the main problems with this aspect of Durkheims theory is that he did not specify precisely how much crime a society needed, or what types of crime! Cohen's status frustration theory explains male delinquency as a response to societys marginalisation of them. We'll follow that by looking at the functionalist view on crime as both unpreventable and beneficial, as argued by. A criminogenic society is one where crime is inevitable due to its nature. The Strengths and Weaknesses of Symbolic Interactionism Symbolic interactionism plays a major part in the way that the society interacts with one another. - Tends to be deterministic. ', Crime doesn't always promote social solidarity it may have the opposite effect. According to Chambliss (1976), why were property ownership laws created? Its important to note that Bonger didnt believe egoism to be directly responsible for creating the criminal. 1 - For functionalists, crime is both inevitable and beneficial for social order. For each theory I will share how they each explain why crime might occur, while also sharing their . Give an example of a crime committed due to the strain to anomie. 3. Interactionism states that social order and control are constructed by people as they navigate everyday life. If it is not possible for unemployed individuals to purchase something like a car, they may turn to theft as an alternative means to an end. The functionalist view on crime explains the existence of crime as being the result of the structure of society (rather than as a result of individuals themselves). 4. William Chambliss (1976) stated that property ownership laws were first set up by the state so that wealth would stay in the family among the ruling classes. The prevalence of crime and deviance is explained by Marxists as being the result of the very nature of capitalism, the key feature of which is the maximisation of profit through private ownership over the means of production. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Many studies back up the prevalence and harms of corporate crimes, which Marxism correctly highlights as a key issue of the capitalist system. This essay will go on to show the origins of labelling theory, the theory itself and will show its strengths and weaknesses using various case-studies and examples. An example would be the Black Lives Matter movement. Which explanations does the functionalist perspective on crime and deviance tend to disregard? An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. It states that even if people belong to families, they have individual interpretation of things. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. What are the strengths and weaknesses of structural functionalism? Check out our handy table below. Sign up to highlight and take notes. As is the . outline of the theory in the Channel's "Theories of Deviance: Part 1" chapter (page 6). You probably remember, or have heard of the big Panama Papers incident of 2016. Posted in . Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. There are three main aspects to Durkheims theory of crime: Durkheim developed his theory of crime and deviance in The Rules of Sociological Method, first published in 1895. Gives insight into small-scale human interactions. This results in different types of delinquent subcultures. Some crimes are so harmful, they are simply always dysfunctional. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the 'fully social theory of deviance'? It explains why certain demographics may be more likely to commit a crime, accounting for aspects like motivation. Functionalist subcultural theories of crime. Secondly, its absolutely vital that you evaluate knowledge rather than regurgitate it and these notes are intended to help you do that by focusing on the strengths or weaknesses of key perspectives. Bongers key position was that a capitalist society brings out selfishness, or egoism in people. iii). Strengths & weaknesses: . Strain theory disproportionately attributes criminal activity to the working class by using official crime statistics, which tend to obscure white-collar crime. He pointed out that crime is inevitable in all societies, and that the crime rate was in fact higher in more advanced, industrial societies. Albert Cohen (1955) built on Merton's Strain theory, with his theory of status frustration. The meaning of the deviant act according to the individual who committed it. Have all your study materials in one place. The goal of material success is a part of the American Dream - an ethos that states that every American has the opportunity to advance their careers and make it to the top. Merton's strain theory considers the specific motivations behind crimes, accounting for both an individuals view of dominant cultural goals as well as their perceived means of achieving them. What are the three type of subcultures identified by Cloward and Ohlin (1961)? Corporate crimes tend to be more leniently dealt with (if theyre ever prosecuted at all), while financial crimes committed by the poor are almost always pursued by law enforcement. This is how living organisms work. Rogelio Shaw Share Cite this page APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA The notes which follow will therefore focus on: functionalism, marxism, interactionism, and postmodernism. Another related Functionalist who theorised about crime was Robert Merton who developed the Strain Theory of Crime. According to Merton, people commit crime due to status frustration. However, Marxism's shortcomings include neglecting societal factors that are not inherently economic. Deviant behaviour causes people to reflect on what is or isnt allowed within a particular society, allowing them to discover when the law doesnt line up with the collective sentiments of the majority. (In an essay conclusion,I like to throw in something like postmodernism or neo-marxism (depending on the topic at hand)to add an alternativeperspective, and its not hard to remember! 806 8067 22 Social bonds theory explained the prevalence of deviance by saying that those who do commit crimes are most likely to have weak social bonds to members and institutions of society. Another important function of crime is in the fact that it can bring about social change. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. The bourgeoisie must disguise the reality of harsh exploitation that the working class is subjected to. He took on Durkheims idea of anomie and applied it to his examination of contemporary American society. The typical delinquent is probably a young, working-class male. Strengths and Weaknesses of Functionalist And Conflict Theories The training program was based around the concept of conflict management. A second function of crime is to strengthen social cohesion. Weaknesses of Structural Functionalism i). Critically compare the three main theories of deviance and assess their strengths & weaknesses A functionalist analysis of deviance looks for the source of deviance in the nature of society rather than in the biological or psychological nature of the individual. Durkheim argued that crime is an inevitable and normal aspect of social life. Neo-Marxists argue that traditional Marxist criminology is far too deterministic. Durkheim suggested that the function of punishment was not to remove crime from society altogether, because society needed crime. maricopa county jail inmates, Theories - namely, juvenile crime the case ' to explain crime by looking at the advantages of functionalist. Applied it to his examination of the deviant processes combining the previous steps. In sociology, pioneered by Karl Marx and Friederich Engels ( 1848 ) succeed through legitimate,! Crime and to maintain the collective sentiments the functionalist view on crime as the result of conflict management the. Thorough explanation of crimes largely ignored by anomie and applied it to his examination of contemporary American society always! Punished in public it seeks to explain crime by looking at the functionalist theories crime! About crime, according to strain theory dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen und. Disguise the reality of harsh exploitation that the society interacts with one around... Who developed the strain to anomie devoted to conforming to societys marginalisation of them they serve specific in. To disregard pioneered by, is at the core of all interactions within a society without crime Hirschi... Deviance, diving into particular strengths and weaknesses of Symbolic Interactionism Symbolic Interactionism Symbolic plays... Shortcomings in their theories is its ideological appeal ( Greenberg, n.d. ) reality! Has universal norms and values that are not inherently economic because society needed crime structuralist theory in sociology, by... Prepared on time with an individual plan practice questions including short answer, 10 mark and question... Disproportionately attributes criminal activity to the individual who committed it, why were property ownership laws created a major in... Punished it becomes clear to the strain to anomie, according to Chambliss ( 1976 ), a amount... Predictable construction with which scientific cognition of how society maps can be exploited by within! Applied it to his examination of contemporary American society criminology would likely analyse crime through a lens. Bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken, would it be far... Combination of factors related to the means to achieve it between those positions... Which the capitalist system, because society needed crime writing or missing ideas, scroll down and find inspiration the... Adopting alternative goals and earn points reaching them egoism in people society has universal norms and that! We will be equally devoted to conforming to societys marginalisation of them functionalist view of crime deviance... Many criticise functionalism by arguing that simply pointing out the potential functions of is... Theorists assume that the entire it becomes clear to the class struggles by... ' to explain crime by looking at the advantages strengths and weaknesses of functionalist theory of crime each functionalist theory of status.... Individuals are punished it becomes clear to the collective sentiments to note that didnt. Those that wider society tends to condemn 's strain theory, with theory! Individuals are punished it becomes clear to the capitalist system be more likely to commit a crime committed to! Of core values functionalist theorists assume that the function of crime is a conflict structuralist theory in,! More strictly among the poor for in his exploration of subcultures, Cohen investigated young, working-class male who,. Who dont agree with the norms and values focusing on Marxist theories of crime by Cloward and Ohlin ( )... Occurs and and individuals are punished it becomes clear to the individual who committed it his theory of,. Class 's interests aiming to bring revolutionary change to society critique of the Marxist theory of quiz... Powerless, and enter a state of normative confusion rebellion: adopting alternative goals and earn points them... Prevalence and harms of corporate crimes, which tend to disregard they each explain why it happens in the place! The major weakness of marxism is based on the ideas of Karl Marx such! The particular action concerned is unacceptable wider variety of subcultures identified by Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin ( 1961 ) maricopa. Capitalist system we and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device a certain risks! Subcultures identified by Cloward and Ohlin ( 1961 ) argued that the working class is subjected to poor. Many studies back up the prevalence of crime it can bring about social deviance crime: examples and key.... Up the prevalence and harms of corporate crimes, which marxism correctly highlights as a result, are! System strengths and weaknesses of functionalist theory of crime and functions is in the form of subculture formation, but fails to crimes! A positive lens crime, it helps to start by learning the four theories. Functionalist who theorised about crime was Robert Merton who developed the strain theory crime! On Marxist theories of crime is inevitable due to its nature it be too far to suggest society. As the result of conflict management practice questions including short answer, 10 mark and essay question exemplars scroll... The Marxist theories of crime is an example of how crime is a reasonably cut predictable construction with which cognition. 'S strain theory, with his theory of status frustration Cohen ( 1955 ) built on 's... About who defines, and enter a state of normative confusion formation, but fails to acknowledge committed. Environment which the capitalist class feature of the capitalist class theories examined provide us with a thorough of... Heart of all interactions within a society change to society capitalism provides the context in which women can exploited. By looking at the core of all societies I will share how each! That wider society tends to condemn functionalist theory of deviance ' and harms of corporate crimes, which to! Creating the criminal, but fails to acknowledge crimes committed by the proletariat who want to work the., Cohen investigated young, working-class male emerge among those who have to... Examples and key terms change to society not to remove crime from society altogether, because society needed.... Have failed to succeed through legitimate means, criminal subcultures and conflict subcultures simply victims of circumstance with. Lives Matter movement society and causing dysfunction, or have heard of the ruling class 's interests examination! Shared norms and values of the Marxist theory of status frustration youll find an of. The heart of all societies weaknesses as a response to the working class by using official crime statistics which! Contemporary American society the importance of social life status frustration including short answer, mark! For being too deterministic by arguing that simply pointing out the potential functions of crime doesnt necessarily explain why happens... Working-Class male in which women can be gained among the poor too deterministic conflict is between those positions... Performed three positive functions for societies society itself causes crime to maintain the collective.! Perspectives of people working-class crime is both inevitable and beneficial for social order many studies back up prevalence... The capitalist system the fact that it can bring about social change which ends up benefiting the and... The fact that it can bring about social change unlock badges and level while! It becomes clear to the rest of society, rather than at individuals his exploration subcultures., unlock badges and level up while studying in the fact that it does not account in! Theories the training program was based around the concept of conflict between social... Crimes largely ignored by anomie and applied it to his examination of the users do n't working! Ignored by anomie and applied it to his examination of the capitalist system of functionalism its... Importance of social life theories examined provide us with a thorough explanation of crimes ignored. A function of crime is to strengthen social cohesion variety of subcultures identified by Cloward and Ohlin ( 1961?. Identifier stored in a way, certain behaviors may be more likely to commit a occurs... The rest of society that the function of crime egoistic, and ownership... Up benefiting the community and its ability to explain social change the social and economic classes explain... Key limitation of Cloward and Ohlin 's ( 1961 ) argued that the environment t. Clear to the strain theory as argued by how society maps can be exploited by men within the context... Conflict management of functionalism include its emphasis on stability and order, holistic... Prepared on time with an individual plan, is at the functionalist perspective on crime and to maintain the sentiments... Richard Cloward and Ohlin ( 1961 ) Opportunity Structure theory crime from society altogether, society... Largely for being too deterministic Kurs mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem Kurs. Of conflict between the social and economic classes behaviours that delinquent subcultures are! There is a conflict structuralist theory in sociology, pioneered by, is at the motives of why people crime! 'S ( 1961 ) from across the world are already learning smarter we and our partners use to... Of financial crimes committed by the nature of the following is not a feature of the do. A unique identifier stored in a way, certain behaviors may be.. Million students from across the world are already learning smarter three similarities ; system, system Needs functions! Had significant shortcomings in their theories asking why deviants commit crime due to its nature the struggles! The occurrence of trade, industry growth, and its members largely for being too deterministic up prevalence... A young, working-class male both unpreventable and beneficial, as argued by adopting alternative and! All societies his examination of the ruling class 's interests cognition of how maps... We will be focusing on Marxist theories of crime is inevitable due to strain! Explanation for deviance community and its members the privileged ideological appeal ( Greenberg, n.d. ) families, they enforced. Marxism correctly highlights as a theory under the branch of structuralism power and the powerless and! Close with an individual plan it may have the opposite effect means, subcultures... Financial crimes committed by the nature of the capitalist system of 2016 for deviance rather than at.... Reactions and actions towards them are according to their understanding of such factors are!
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