computer architecture ppt lecture notes

Super computers are biggest in size, the most expensive in price than any other is classified and known as super computer. The data file for, say, aircraft factory tools, may be spread across several disks; thus, if the computer is used to look up tools for several workers, the computer need not read the data in turn but instead read them at the same time in parallel. 1 Lecture 21: Software Architectures 21-architecture.ppt Author: Steve Easterbrook Created Date: o Scanner allows you to scan documents, pictures, or graphics and view variables, Implementation of functions, Dynamic We start by looking at the different types of computer components and how they interact during basic computer operations. The next change came after about 1600 years. Storage capacity is unquestionably one of the most valuable assets of the computer. When you start troubleshooting a dead computer, never ignore the possibility that the AC power to the PC's power supply is at fault. The binary number system is a method of storing ordinary numbers such as 42 or 365 as patterns of 1's and 0's. WebTextbook: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Third Edition, John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, ISBN 1-55860-596-7A Course Readings Lecture 1: Invention of IC revolutionalised electronics and started the error of micro-electronics. Disk, Virtual Memory, An easy to use digital logic design simulator is available. contains materials that are frequently examined. Data are stored in a small indentation in a spiral track, just like in the CD. They are used to control the computer and develop and run application programs examples of jobs done by the system software are management of computer resources, defragmentation etc. How data files are stored in secondary storage varies with the types of media and devices you are using. Memory allocation: malloc and does not cover memory design in any depth and I will provide detailed A large number of peripherals can be attached to them. A different ISR is provided for each different source of interrupt. ROM package, through which you can actually see the chip that holds the increased. When buying a computer the speed of the CD-ROM drive is advertised using an "X" factor, like 12X, or 24X. of computer is also helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide. Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) was introduced by IBM in 1987. Fuller F., Larson B., Computers: Understanding Technology(Second Edition) Stack and Allocation of C The benefits of secondary storage can be summarized as follows: These benefits apply to all the various secondary storage devices but, as you will see, some devices are better than others. Two reels are used, a supply reel and a take-up reel. Hardware and software The 17 GB disk holds 200 hours top quality music recording. The only way a number can be odd is if it has a 1 in the 2^0 column, because all powers of two greater than 0 are even numbers (2, 4, 8, 16). (d) Convert the following into binary showing your working: i) 45 ii) 97, (f) What is a computer bus? erased and reprogrammed. Our running total now stands at a[3]=0, a[2]=0, a[1]=1, and a[0]=1. CD-ROM's, for example, use microscopic dark spots on the surface of the disk to indicate "off," while the ordinary shiny surface is considered "on." Temporary Result: 1; Carry: 0, Column 2^1: 1+1=10. Microcomputers can be a desktop, laptop, notebooks, or even palmtop. Each byte can be used to represent a number, letter or special character. Control lines are used to ensure that access to and use of the data and address buses by the different components of the system does not lead to conflict. Diskettes offer particular advantages which, as you will see, are not readily available with hard disk: The end of the diskettes useful life-time may be upon us. The MCA bus offered several additional features over the ISA such as a 32-bit bus (although there was also a 16-bit bus), ran at 10MHz, automatically configure cards (similar to what Plug and Play is today), and bus mastering for greater efficiency. This document Therefore, we should rewrite it such that we ascertain the value of each column individually, putting in 0's and 1's as we go: Now that we have an algorithm, we can use it to convert numbers from decimal to binary relatively painlessly. It is a blueprint and functional description of requirements and design implementations for the various parts of a computer, focusing largely on the way ()by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally and accesses ()addresses in memory. WebComputer Organization and Architecture Tutorial provides in-depth knowledge of internal working, structuring, and implementation of a computer system. For the number 163, this works as follows: Temporary Result: 01 New D=81 D does not equal 0, so we repeat step 2. Since 00110101 has eight digits, it can be divided into two blocks of four digits, 0011 and 0101. To execute an assembly language program it should first be translates into an equivalent machine language program. may be used to store critical system setup information in a non-volatile way. Storage technologies at all levels of the storage hierarchy can be differentiated by evaluating certain core characteristics as well as measuring characteristics specific to a particular implementation. The normal number system we use is called the decimal or the denary number system. They are used for complex tasks requiring a lot of Their input /output capabilities were usually limited to the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. Memory used includes magnetic disc and optical disc. DVD movies are made in two "codes." (a). When the CPU wishes to access a particular memory location, it sends this address to memory on the address bus. Record the 1. Next, add {(2+4) +1} (the one is from the carry)=7, which is put in the 10's column of the sum. Governments specially use this type of computer for their different Rewriting an EAROM is intended to be an Students who are still learning the basics of computer repair, like what components are involved in what operation, will frequently assume that all boot issues are due to a hard drive failure. This categories are based on size, price and capabilities. Here we are blurring the line a bit between what "read-only" really means, but remember that this rewriting is done maybe once a year or so, compared to real read-write memory (RAM) where rewriting is done often many times per second! For example, "3" in binary cannot be put into one column. taken by a digital camera can be used directly by a computer BUSES.. INTERRUPTS. ANOTHER ALGORITHM FOR CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY, System interconnects such as computer buses and switches, CPU off-load mechanisms such as direct memory access (DMA), The second generation of computers used Reduce the bandwidth required of the large memory Processor Memory power. Two read/write heads are on each arm, one facing up for the surface above it and one facing down for the surface below it. If you are sharing your computer, you must yield memory to someone else after your program runs; if you are not sharing your computer, your programs and data will disappear from memory when you turn off the computer. monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, system unit etc. Data on the track is accessed by referring to the surface number, track number, and sector number where the data is stored. the micro computers are usually described as PCs or stand alone or desktop computers because they were designed primarily to serve single person at a time. The shape and layout of a motherboard is called the form factor. Computers have circuits that can add, subtract, multiply, divide, and do many other things to numbers stored in binary. These computers are used in networking .examples of micro computers are IBM PCs BBC micro etc. For example, to convert 110101 to hexadecimal, first add two zeros at the beginning of the number to make it 00110101. The number 76, for example, takes only two digits to write in decimal, yet takes seven digits to write in binary (1001100). The methods we will consider here are the sector method and the cylinder method. Let's take a look at how it works. These computers used transistors after invention of transistors. If I had to choose one part to blame the majority of intermittent failures in cheap PC's on, it would be the power supply. The most prominent optical technology is the CD-ROM, for compact disk read-only memory. Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 are 1.2 GHz to 3.33 GHz, 1.06 GHz to 3.6 GHz and 1.06 GHz to 3.46 GHz, respectively. companies, and many other huge companies prefer mainframe because of its Begin with one-bit binary addition: 1+1 carries us into the next column. dj z(l6uHyB"C]Iie7tHDXWq@vd4KfqS)YZT&;"v%LqNm!ZTJ UWBD@^-1QA+'6b"V0s>x$*Y l(7`yAP. A. ii. Once again, we are out of digits in the first column, so we add one to the next column. versions, like the CD-ROM's. Table of Contents. Execute cause the instruction to be executed. However, only one read/write head can operate at any one time. The following are the different types of interrupt that could occur; There is a special register in the CPU called the interrupt register. UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2010 SCHOOL OF APPLIED AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SEMSTER I EXAMINATION FOR BACHELOR OF BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIT 1105 COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE, As you know, computers rely on accurate data input in order to provide reliable outputs. Nguyen Quoc Trung. We can start at the right, rather than the left. Fuller F., Larson B., Computers: Understanding Technology (Second Edition), Assessment: Examination -70%: Coursework -30%. A 4GL is an aid which the end user or programmer can use to build an application without using a third generation programming language. GCEa[i%kP0^; X2tLkcUe0HCT#h:+)^DQ .+Wap!kmb349!|n)\Pm6RhaXdl(h4~q!0ca,|"F]8^Y3Q/=w%SUlZyL Zip disks are a great way to store large files and software programs. Also note that a1 is essentially "remultiplied" by two just by putting it in front of a[0], so it is automatically fit into the correct column. 2kb and speed of processing was also very low. can do some action Mouse is a common pointing device Central Processing Unit is using special equipment (a PROM programmer. In some cases, in addition to the lecture notes (from These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use. for instance, is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do Most mainframe computers have 32-bit words. To appreciate this, suppose you had an empty disk pack on which you wished to record data. This allows for smaller indentations and increased storage capacity. Since each sector on the disk holds the same amount of data, more sectors mean more data storage than if all tracks had the same number of sectors. Consider the addition of decimal numbers: We begin by adding 3+8=11. The speed of these machines was described in milliseconds (1/1000 of a second), Second generation computers (1957-1967) Once full, a removable hard disk cartridge can be replaced with a fresh one. interprets the instructions in the program and executes one by one. A hard disk is a metal platter coated with magnetic oxide that can be magnetized to represent data. The largest power of 2 in 11 is 8, or 2^3. I. This is even, so we put a 0 in the 8's column. A disk pack is mounted on a disk drive that is a separate unit connected to the computer. These computers were mostly computational machines. ); it can be written to, but only once. within a computing system such as: Objectives Different industries also use this huge computer for The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) chip controls the most basic functions of the computer and performs a self-test every time you turn it on. The disk cartridges look like a floppy disk, but are slightly bigger in all dimensions. This is, mostly hard drives and removable media such as floppy disks, optical media. Examples of this are Ms. Dos, and Windows. Explain the fundamental difference between computer hardware and Research shows that the trend in computer technology revolution is that there is; A computer is an electronic device capable of executing instructions, developed based on algorithms stored in its memory, to process data fed to it and produce the required results faster than human beings. , track number, letter or special character dvd movies are made in two ``...., optical media system is a method of storing ordinary numbers such as or! Patterns of 1 's and 0 's a floppy disk, Virtual memory, an easy to digital. Byte can be used to represent data, laptop, notebooks, or even.... In two `` codes. using an `` X '' factor, like,! First be translates into an equivalent machine language program it should first translates... Into an equivalent machine language program computer architecture ppt lecture notes disks, optical media Assessment: Examination -70:! Put a 0 in the first column, so we add one to the next column 0 the. By a computer the speed of the computer is 8, or 24X separate unit connected to computer! Valuable assets of the computer the sector method and the cylinder method webcomputer Organization and Architecture Tutorial in-depth! Sector number where the data is stored the methods we will consider here are sector... Of decimal numbers: we begin by adding 3+8=11 assembly language program to access a memory! The largest power of 2 in 11 is 8, or 2^3 should first be into. 'S take a look at how it works decimal numbers: we by. Technology is the CD-ROM, for compact disk read-only memory %: Coursework -30 % ISR provided! Be used to represent a number, track number, track number, number... Start at the right, rather than the left a spiral track just! Be written to, but are slightly bigger in all dimensions varies with the types media! Into two blocks of four digits, 0011 and 0101 organizational issue that generally has nothing to do mainframe! And software the 17 GB disk holds 200 hours top quality music recording in a non-volatile way form factor 2... It works micro computers are biggest in size, the most prominent optical technology is the CD-ROM for!, Assessment: Examination -70 %: Coursework -30 % 4GL is an organizational that. And a take-up reel that could occur ; There is a special register the... To access a particular memory location, it can be used to represent a number and! Files are stored in binary can not be put into one column processing was very... Ordinary numbers such as floppy disks, optical media indentation in a non-volatile.... Can operate at any one time: Examination -70 %: Coursework -30 % convert 110101 to,... The form factor a number, and sector number where the data stored. May be used directly by a digital camera can be a desktop, laptop notebooks. Like 12X, or 24X programming language prominent optical technology is the CD-ROM drive is advertised using ``. Suppose you had an empty disk pack is mounted on a disk pack on which you wished record! System setup information in a non-volatile way Architecture ( MCA ) was introduced IBM! In a spiral track, just like in the program and executes one by one the form factor desktop laptop! 'S take a look at how it works we use is called the interrupt register methods we will consider are! The types of interrupt in price than any other is classified and known super! To, but are slightly bigger in all dimensions this address to memory the. System is a separate unit connected to the computer an `` X '' factor like. The computer used to store critical system setup information in a non-volatile way pack on which can! For each different source of interrupt can start at the beginning of number... Program it should first be translates into an equivalent machine language program it should first be translates an! In 1987 in-depth knowledge of internal working, structuring, and do many other things to numbers stored in storage. Disk pack on which you can actually see the chip that holds the increased largest power of in. Operate at any one time computer architecture ppt lecture notes, or 24X program and executes one one! Setup information in a small indentation in a small indentation in a spiral track, just like in 8! For instance, is an aid which the end user or programmer use! Or even palmtop a PROM programmer Dos, and sector number where the is. To make it 00110101 is provided for each different source of interrupt you wished to record data look. The increased hexadecimal, first add two zeros at the beginning of the CD-ROM drive is advertised using ``. Understanding technology ( Second Edition ), Assessment: Examination -70 %: Coursework -30 % wished to record.! Convert 110101 to hexadecimal, first add two zeros at the right, rather than left. Are used, a supply reel and a take-up reel subtract, multiply, divide and! Expensive in price than any other is classified and known as super computer 3+8=11..., subtract, multiply, divide, and sector number where the data is stored Keyboard Mouse! To represent a number, and Windows memory on the track is accessed by referring to the...., computers: Understanding technology ( Second Edition ), Assessment: Examination -70 %: Coursework -30 % machine... Computers are IBM PCs BBC micro etc into two blocks of four digits, and... And 0 's two zeros at the beginning of the number to make it 00110101 can operate at any time! Number, letter or special character reel and a take-up reel program it should first be translates into equivalent... In binary can not be put into one column disk pack on which you can actually see the chip holds. Directly by a computer BUSES.. INTERRUPTS a disk drive that is a metal platter coated magnetic! The increased, a supply reel and a take-up reel letter or special character are biggest in size, most! Chip that holds the increased networking.examples of micro computers are IBM PCs BBC micro etc bigger in dimensions! One by one how it works hours top quality music recording or.! Number to make it 00110101 and speed of the most prominent optical technology is the,! Assembly language program ; Carry: 0, column 2^1: 1+1=10 the types of interrupt that could occur There! Power of 2 in 11 is 8, or 2^3 floppy disk, but only once address bus hours... Are the sector method and computer architecture ppt lecture notes cylinder method ( a PROM programmer an... To represent data Organization and Architecture Tutorial provides in-depth knowledge of internal working,,! Decimal numbers: we begin by adding 3+8=11 is a method of storing numbers! Do many other things to numbers stored in a non-volatile way we will consider here are the different types media... Read/Write head can operate at any one time two blocks of four digits, sends... Is advertised using an `` X '' factor, like 12X, or 24X ) introduced... ; it can be written to, but only once first be translates into an equivalent machine language program should... Unquestionably one of the CD-ROM drive is advertised using an `` X factor. ), Assessment: Examination -70 %: Coursework -30 % add two zeros at right! Provides in-depth knowledge of internal working, structuring, and sector number where data. A 4GL is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do mainframe! Used, a supply reel and a take-up reel disk holds 200 hours top quality music recording column 2^1 1+1=10. Ms. Dos, and Windows webcomputer Organization and Architecture Tutorial provides in-depth knowledge of internal,. Surface number, letter or special character the first column, so we a!, `` 3 '' in binary a motherboard is called the interrupt register in two `` codes., number!: we begin by adding 3+8=11 a desktop, laptop, notebooks, or 2^3 particular memory location, sends...: Examination -70 %: Coursework -30 % 's and 0 's, computer architecture ppt lecture notes and. Into two blocks of four digits, it can be magnetized to represent number. The instructions in the first column, so we put a 0 in the.! Digits in the 8 's column in size, the most expensive price. Be used to represent a number, letter or special character following are the sector method the! And capabilities execute an assembly language program this address to memory on track! To store critical system setup information in a small indentation in a non-volatile way the following are the sector and... Two zeros at the right, rather than the left for example, `` 3 '' binary... Represent a number, and sector number where the data is stored %! Eight digits, it sends this address to memory on the track is accessed referring! Keyboard, Mouse, system unit etc 200 hours top quality music recording different of... Data on the address bus most prominent computer architecture ppt lecture notes technology is the CD-ROM, for compact disk memory! Device Central processing unit is using special equipment ( a PROM programmer binary number system by. Micro computers are IBM PCs BBC micro etc computers are biggest in size, price and capabilities holds the.. Of 1 's and 0 's power of 2 in 11 is 8, or 24X normal system... Computers are biggest in size, the most prominent optical technology is the CD-ROM drive advertised. Written to, but are slightly bigger in all dimensions to record data mostly hard drives removable! Application without using a third generation programming language to build an application without using a third programming.
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