Scipio Africanus the ElderMark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). In 242 Rome resumed operations at sea. Roman traders caught in Carthaginian waters were drowned and their ships taken. [273] It took six days to clear the city of resistance; only on the last day did Scipio take prisoners. Answer (1 of 7): By fighting them in the first place. [53][54] Forming up in battle order was a complicated and premeditated affair, which took several hours. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Corrections? The main cause of the Punic Wars was the clash of interests between the existing Carthaginian Empire and the expanding Roman Republic. Hannibals daring elephantine invasion of Rome reached its height at the Battle of Cannae in 216 B.C., where he used his superior cavalry to surround a Roman army twice the size of his own and inflict massive casualties. [98][99], The war continued, with neither side able to gain a decisive advantage. Carthage Under SiegeThe Creative Assembly (Copyright). [147][148] Hamilcar ruled as a viceroy and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, in the early 220sBC and then his son, Hannibal, in 221BC. |inhuman|"The pain became inhuman. Whenever Carthage petitioned Rome for redress, or permission to take military action, Rome backed its ally, Masinissa, and refused. ), These elephants were typically about 2.5m (8ft 2in) high at the shoulder and should not be confused with the larger. Operations began with a joint attack upon Messana, which the Romans easily repelled. While Carthage would largely ignore the war, leaving the fighting to Hamilcar and his mercenaries, Rome would be building and equipping more ships and training more men. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Did you know? How did the results of the First Punic War lead to the Second Punic War? Third Punic War also called Third Carthaginian War (149-146 bce) third of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) Empire that resulted in the final destruction of Carthage the enslavement of its population and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. As a result, the Roman infantry was surrounded with no means of escape. The Punic Wars were a series of wars between 264 and 146BC fought between Rome and Carthage. It is a combination of hills, mountains, and plains. This battle confirmed Roman dominance in Italy and marked the end of their Fabian strategy. Rome, which before the war had never fought outside of Italy, now controlled a wealthy overseas territoryits first of many. What were the Roman consuls allowed to do during times of crisis? [269], Scipio moved back to a close blockade of the city and built a mole which cut off supply from the sea. It was made up of three hundred patricians who were elected for life. Rome and Carthage fought in the Punic Wars. [19] Goldsworthy writes "Polybius' account is usually to be preferred when it differs with any of our other accounts". In 211BC Rome contained this threat by allying with the Aetolian League, a coalition of Greek city states which was already at war against Macedonia. [266][268] With no Carthaginian army in the field those cities which had remained loyal went over to the Romans or were captured. [253] Over the following 48 years he repeatedly took advantage of Carthage's inability to protect its possessions. He has taught history, writing, literature, and philosophy at the college level. It took place from 218 BC to 201 BC. All Rights Reserved. [64] As novice shipwrights, the Romans built copies that were heavier than the Carthaginian vessels; thus they were slower and less manoeuvrable. 2 Yet, in . [229], In the spring of 208BC Hasdrubal moved to engage Scipio at the battle of Baecula. As a result of these three wars, Carthage was destroyed, its people were sold into slavery, and Rome gained control of the western Mediterranean.How did Rome change after the Punic Wars?As a result of the war, a lot of farmland in Italy could be purchased for a low price, and many veterans from farming families preferred to settle in cities, particularly Rome, rather than return to the countryside. He struck without warning up and down the coast of Italy destroying Roman outposts and cutting supply lines. [245], The new peace treaty dictated by Rome stripped Carthage of all of its overseas territories and some of its African ones; an indemnity of 10,000 silver talents[note 15] was to be paid over 50 years; hostages were to be taken; Carthage was forbidden to possess war elephants and its fleet was restricted to 10 warships; it was prohibited from waging war outside Africa and in Africa only with Rome's express permission. If you were the subject of the flyer given, how would you feel? At the Battle of Zama in 202, Hannibal sent an elephant charge against the Romans which Scipio, mindful of Hannibal's strategies, deflected easily. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Had the Carthaginian government better supplied and reinforced Hamilcar, they most probably would have won the war but, instead, they contented themselves with hoarding their wealth and trusted to Hamilcar and his mercenaries to take care of their enemies without the necessary support. [109][110] They launched a surprise attack on the Carthaginian fleet, but were defeated at the battle of Drepana; Carthage's greatest naval victory of the war. The challenge the nascent Roman Empire faced wasn't just that their opponents were bigger than them. [2][8] The modern historian Andrew Curry sees Polybius as being "fairly reliable";[9] Craige Champion describes him as "a remarkably well-informed, industrious, and insightful historian". After seven days of horrific bloodshed, on February 5, the Carthaginians surrendered, obliterating an ancient city that had survived for some 700 years. . ~. [184], In the 216BC elections Gaius Varro and Lucius Paullus were elected as consuls; both were more aggressive-minded than Fabius. [105][106] In 250BC the Carthaginians advanced on Panormus, but in a battle outside the walls the Romans drove off the Carthaginian elephants with javelins. The Second Punic War saw Roman troops, led by Scipio Africanus, defeat Hannibal after his stunning invasion of Italy. How did the Greeks influence religion in Rome? hey adopted some elements of the Greek religion. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. When Hiero II (r. 270-215 BCE) of neighboring Syracuse fought against the Mamertines of Messina, the Mamertines asked first Carthage and then Rome for help. [137] Polybius considered this "contrary to all justice" and modern historians have variously described the Romans' behaviour as "unprovoked aggression and treaty-breaking",[135] "shamelessly opportunistic"[138] and an "unscrupulous act". How did class conflict shape the Roman Republic? This erupted into full-scale mutiny under the leadership of Spendius and Matho; 70,000 Africans from Carthage's oppressed dependant territories flocked to join the mutineers, bringing supplies and finance. [116][205] By 207BC Hannibal had been confined to the extreme south of Italy and many of the cities and territories which had joined the Carthaginian cause had returned to their Roman allegiance. 5 - Who did the Romans fight in the Punic Wars? and 146 B.C., spanning a time period of over 118 years. The new allies increased the number of places that Hannibal's army was expected to defend from Roman retribution, but provided relatively few fresh troops to assist him in doing so. (The word Punic, later the name for the series of wars between Carthage and Rome, was derived from the Latin word for Phoenician.). [120], The Romans rebuilt their fleet again in 243BC after the Senate approached Rome's wealthiest citizens for loans to finance the construction of one ship each, repayable from the reparations to be imposed on Carthage once the war was won. Then Romulus founded Rome. They besieged and captured the Carthaginian base at Agrigentum in 262 but made little impression upon the Carthaginian fortresses in the west of the island and upon the towns of the interior. How did the Servian Wall contribute to the development of Rome? At Mylae (Milazzo), off the north Sicilian coast, their admiral Gaius Duilius defeated a Carthaginian squadron of superior maneuvering capacity by grappling and boarding. Fabius was replaced by Caius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paulus who threw off caution and led their troops against Hannibal in the region of Apulia. In 149 B.C., after Carthage technically broke its treaty with Rome by declaring war against the neighboring state of Numidia, the Romans sent an army to North Africa, beginning the Third Punic War. The Romans killed the Carthaginians on the elephants and sent the animals back into the Carthaginian ranks, then followed with a combined cavalry charge and infantry advance which caught the enemy between and crushed them. Hamilcar Barca, the father of Hannibal, conquered much of coastal Spain in 237 BC. For instance, you could guess that a person who creates a collage of personal mementos for a friend's birth day is creative and values personal relationships . What did the Senate order Julius Caesar to do following the death of Crassus? Scipio was not able to prevent Hasdrubal from leading his depleted army through the western passes of the Pyrenees into Gaul. [4][5] Polybius was an analytical historian and wherever possible interviewed participants, from both sides, in the events he wrote about. Sicily lay partly under Carthaginian and partly under Roman control. [42][52] More formal battles were usually preceded by the two armies camping twotwelve kilometres (17 miles) apart for days or weeks; sometimes both forming up in battle order each day. Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punic_Wars&oldid=1135825581, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 January 2023, at 02:31. Pompeii, a flourishing resort city south of ancient Rome, was nestled along the coast of Italy in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius, an active volcano. This war would rage on for over twenty years and feature some of the most significant naval battles of the ancient world. Carthage withstood the Roman siege for two years before a change of Roman command put the young general Scipio Aemilianus (later known as Scipio the Younger) in charge of the North Africa campaign in 147 B.C. The treaties of friendship between Rome and Carthage were based mainly on trade. [82][83][84] A Carthaginian base on Corsica was seized, but an attack on Sardinia was repulsed; the base on Corsica was then lost. Unlike Valentines Day, however, Lupercalia was a read more, The story of the Trojan Warthe Bronze Age conflict between the kingdoms of Troy and Mycenaean Greecestraddles the history and mythology of ancient Greece and inspired the greatest writers of antiquity, from Homer, Herodotus and Sophocles to Virgil. How did Julius Caesar's death affect the leadership of Rome? the Roman fleet was able to win a decisive victory against the Carthaginians at sea, breaking their legendary naval superiority. [26][27] According to the classicist Richard Miles Rome had an expansionary attitude after southern Italy came under its control, while Carthage had a proprietary approach to Sicily. Which statement provides evidence that Rome was a male-dominated society? At the same time, the Carthaginians, who felt no less severely the financial strain of the prolonged struggle, reduced their forces and made no attempt to deliver a counterattack. When they did exactly that, and the Romans pressed what they saw as an advantage and followed them, Hannibal closed from behind and the sides, enveloping the Roman forces and crushing them. [118] Rome was also close to bankruptcy and the number of adult male citizens, who provided the manpower for the navy and the legions, had declined by 17 per cent since the start of the war. What did the Romans do to help protect most cities from attack? [196], For 12 years after Cannae the war surged around southern Italy as cities went over to the Carthaginians or were taken by subterfuge and the Romans recaptured them by siege or by suborning pro-Roman factions. As a result of these three wars, Carthage was destroyed, its people were sold into slavery, and Rome gained control of the western Mediterranean. Ben Kiernan. They changed sides, sending forces to Hiero II. While Carthage was unhappy with this development, there was little they could do about it. In 151BC Carthage attempted to defend itself against Numidian encroachments and Rome used this as a justification to declare war in 149BC, starting the Third Punic War. The Carthaginians, whose citizen levy was utterly disorganized, could neither keep the field against the invaders nor prevent their subjects from revolting. [77][78] The focus of the war shifted to the sea, where the Romans had little experience; on the few occasions they had previously felt the need for a naval presence they had usually relied on small squadrons provided by their Latin or Greek allies. Rome brought in an army to settle the dispute and Carthage took that as an act of war. [242] The Roman Senate ratified a draft treaty, but because of mistrust and a surge in confidence when Hannibal arrived from Italy Carthage repudiated it. Rome received the training, the navy, and the wealth it needed from the Punic Wars to grow from a small city to an empire that would rule the known world. Among the many legacies read more, In 219 B.C., Hannibal of Carthage led an attack on Saguntum, an independent city allied with Rome, which sparked the outbreak of the Second Punic War. [200] It was the only time during the war that Carthage reinforced Hannibal. In 228 BCE, Hamilcar was killed in battle and command of the Carthaginian army went to his son-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair (l. c. 270-221 BCE). The combined Roman force attacked Hasdrubal at the battle of the Metaurus and destroyed his army, killing Hasdrubal. They favored the patrician class and did not like that Caesar was popular with the plebeians. [163] The Roman commanders captured Saguntum in 212BC and in 211BC hired 20,000 Celtiberian mercenaries to reinforce their army. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. This aggression provoked war with Carthage and Syracuse. [24] By 264BC Carthage was the dominant external power on the island, and Carthage and Rome were the preeminent powers in the western Mediterranean. To review: from 264 to 146 BCE, the Romans fought a series of three wars with the rival state of Carthage. They are known as the Punic Wars because the Latin term for Carthaginian was Punici (older Poenici, from their Phoenician ancestry). [225] In 206BC the Carthaginians ended this drain on their resources by dividing several Numidian kingdoms with him. [71] Away from the coasts its hilly and rugged terrain made manoeuvring large forces difficult and so encouraged defensive strategies. [240] Scipio gave battle to and destroyed two large Carthaginian armies. From this episode it became clear that Rome intended to use the victory to the utmost. Rome and Carthage . This could be increased to 5,000 in some circumstances, Roman and Greek sources refer to these foreign fighters derogatively as "mercenaries", but the modern historian Adrian Goldsworthy describes this as "a gross oversimplification". [254] Masinissa's seizures of and raids into Carthaginian territory became increasingly flagrant. The First Genocide: Carthage, 146 BC. The Carthaginian council upheld Hannibals action and drew upon itself a declaration of war. View Hannibal's campaign against Rome with the siege of Saguntum, The interval between the First and Second Punic Wars (241218, https://www.britannica.com/event/Punic-Wars, Humanities LibreTexts Library - The Punic Wars, UNRV History - The Punic Wars and Expansion, Punic Wars - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). "|not ordinary; cruel|beyond a person's ability to survive| In 218 Hannibal attacked Roman territory, starting from Spain and . [213], Carthage sent more reinforcements to Sicily in 211BC and went on the offensive. Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. For the full article, see, The interval between the First and Second Punic Wars (241218, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Punic-Wars, The western Mediterranean during the Punic Wars. The agricultural population of ancient Rome consists of a powerful class of large landowners, the patricians, and a more populous class of farmers and small landowners called plebeians. Accordingly they equipped a new army in which, by the advice of a Greek captain of mercenaries named Xanthippus, cavalry and elephants formed the strongest arm. The general population of the Roman society increased, causing lots of "poor plebs" to be present. The attendant new obligation to safeguard the peninsula against foreign interference made it necessary not to allow the neighbouring island of Sicily to fall into the hands of a strong and expansive power. Our main source for information about the Punic Wars is the . These roles would be reversed after the First Punic War and the Carthaginians progressively lost more power, wealth, and prestige in the later conflicts. Mike Duncan. The Senate gained increased prestige greater wealth and more influence in Roman government. "|shift or raise with great effort; throw|violent; painful| The last holdouts, including Roman deserters in Carthaginian service, fought on from the Temple of Eshmoun and burnt it down around themselves when all hope was gone. [145] Hamilcar took the army which he had led in the Mercenary War to Iberia in 237BC and carved out a quasi-monarchial, autonomous state in its south east. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. The boys decided to build a city where the wolf had fed them. |Word|Example|Denotation|Connotation| [209], Up to 215BC Sicily remained firmly in Roman hands, blocking the ready seaborne reinforcement and resupply of Hannibal from Carthage. The most reliable source for Punic Wars[note 1] is the historian Polybius (c.200 c.118 BC), a Greek sent to Rome in 167BC as a hostage. All except the smallest towns were too well fortified for Hannibal to take by assault and blockade could be a long-drawn-out affair, or, if the target was a port, impossible. The Punic Wars took place in the years 264 B.C. What were the main effects of the Punic Wars? The Romans now directed their efforts once more against Sicily. She rescues the boy who becomes the founder. He was reinforcing the will to resist in the Carthaginian citizens; from this point there could be no possibility of negotiations. [163][164] The Carthaginians reached the foot of the Alps by late autumn and crossed them in 15 days, surmounting the difficulties of climate, terrain[160] and the guerrilla tactics of the native tribes. [153] There were three main military theatres in the war: Italy, where Hannibal defeated the Roman legions repeatedly, with occasional subsidiary campaigns in Sicily, Sardinia and Greece; Iberia, where Hasdrubal, a younger brother of Hannibal, defended the Carthaginian colonial cities with mixed success until moving into Italy; and Africa, where the war was decided. The region provided several types of fighters, including: close order infantry equipped with large shields, helmets, short swords and long thrusting spears; javelin-armed light infantry skirmishers; close order shock cavalry[note 6] (also known as "heavy cavalry") carrying spears; and light cavalry skirmishers who threw javelins from a distance and avoided close combat; the latter were usually Numidians. Mago marched his reinforced army towards the lands of Carthage's main Gallic allies in the Po Valley, but was checked by a large Roman army and defeated at the battle of Insubria in 203BC. Dahia Ibo Shabaka, Larry S. Krieger, Linda Black, Phillip C. Naylor, Roger B. Beck, Deborah Gray White, Edward L. Ayers, Jess F. de la Teja, Robert D. Schulzinger. [131] To prevent this, in 240BC Spendius tortured 700 Carthaginian prisoners to death and henceforth the war was pursued with great brutality. What was the significance of the Punic Wars for Rome? The Mamertini appealed to both Rome and Carthage, and the Carthaginians, arriving first, occupied Messana and effected a reconciliation with Hieron. [150] At some time during the next six years Rome made a separate agreement with the city of Saguntum, which was situated well south of the Ebro. In 264, the Carthaginians intervened in a dispute between Messana and Syracuse, the two major cities on Sicilys east coast, and as a result, they established a presence on the island. Archimedes before being killed by the Roman soldier copy of a Roman mosaic from the 2nd century, 2nd centuryBC marble bust, identified as Scipio Africanus. The First Punic War: 264-241 BCE; The Second Punic War: 218-201 BCE; The Third Punic War: 149-146 BCE. As the Punic Wars ended, the surviving 50,000 citizens of Carthage were sold into slavery. That night the Carthaginian garrison escaped and the Romans seized the city and its inhabitants, selling 25,000 of them into slavery. How did Cincinnatus exercise his civic duty? Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. Recognizing that Hannibal's army would be recalled if Carthage were attacked, and with Spain now under Roman control, Scipio manned a fleet and sailed to North Africa where he took the Carthaginian city of Utica. After tightening the Roman positions around Carthage, Aemilianus launched a forceful attack on its harbor side in the spring of 146 B.C., pushing into the city and destroying house after house while pushing enemy troops towards their citadel. [187][188] Paullus and Varro marched southward to confront Hannibal, who accepted battle on the open plain near Cannae. [220] They sailed from Croton[221] and landed at Carthage with 15,00020,000 experienced veterans. Rome took over the entire coast of northern Africa. [104] On Sicily the Romans avoided battle in 252 and 251BC, according to Polybius because they feared the war elephants which the Carthaginians had shipped to the island. Two of the major Samnite tribes also joined the Carthaginian cause. [264] The Romans moved their camp, and their ships, further away so they were now more blockading than closely besieging the city. [93] The Romans sent a fleet to evacuate their survivors and the Carthaginians opposed it at the battle of Cape Hermaeum (modern Cape Bon); the Carthaginians were again heavily defeated. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Second Punic War occurred between 218-201 BC. [106][107], Slowly the Romans had occupied most of Sicily; in 250BC they besieged the last two Carthaginian strongholds Lilybaeum and Drepana in the extreme west. [157] In Cisalpine Gaul (modern northern Italy), the major Gallic tribes attacked the Roman colonies there, causing the Roman settlers to flee to their previously-established colony of Mutina (modern Modena), where they were besieged. The Carthaginian territory became the Roman province of Africa. Carthage was also forced to give up its fleet and pay a large indemnity in silver to Rome. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. [30], Most male Roman citizens were eligible for military service and would serve as infantry, with a better-off minority providing a cavalry component. The approximate extent of territory controlled by Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the First Punic War. [250] Scipio was awarded a triumph and received the agnomen "Africanus". Carthage continued paying the war debt to Rome for the agreed upon fifty years and, when it was done, considered their treaty with Rome completed also. Which natural feature is called "the Apennines"? [247] The Roman and allied Numidian cavalry then pressed their attacks and drove the Carthaginian cavalry from the field. The fighting took place primarily on Sicily and its surrounding waters, as well as in North Africa, Corsica and Sardinia. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Do native English speakers have accents in other languages? Having lost many of his elephants on his march over the mountains, and lacking necessary siege engines and troops, Hannibal was caught in southern Italy in a cat and mouse game with the Roman army under Quintus Fabius Maximus. How did Romes expansion after the Punic Wars affect Romes social development? Rome was able to gain its empire in large part by extending some form of citizenship to many of the people it conquered. The boys grew bigger and stronger. Further, Hannibal used counter-intelligence to reinforce and spread the rumor that Fabius refused to fight because he was in the pay of the Carthaginians. [95][96][97] It is possible that the presence of the corvus, making the Roman ships unusually unseaworthy, contributed to this disaster; there is no record of them being used again. Source for information about the Punic Wars affect Romes social development increased prestige wealth... ] [ 99 ], in the 216BC elections Gaius Varro and Paullus. Cavalry then pressed their attacks and drove the Carthaginian garrison escaped and the Romans repelled. Month is expensive the first place the ancient world provides evidence that Rome was a complicated and premeditated affair which... Significant naval battles of the flyer given, how would you feel, mountains, philosophy. Main source for information about the Punic Wars the War had never fought outside of Italy, now controlled wealthy. 229 ], Carthage sent more reinforcements to Sicily in 211BC hired 20,000 Celtiberian to! That their opponents were bigger than them BC to 201 BC more aggressive-minded than Fabius their attacks drove. Build a city where the wolf had fed them do native English speakers have in... Battles of the Pyrenees into Gaul first Punic War: 264-241 BCE ; the Second Punic War 212BC and 211BC. The boys decided to build a city where the wolf had fed them Germany traveled. The invaders nor prevent their subjects from revolting defensive strategies most cities from?. 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